7.4 Questions

1) Coastal Management is ideas and strategies which have been put in place to to preserve coastline.

2) Construction of protective barries & walls, Beach nourishment, coastal dune preservation

3) Construction of protective barriers:

- Advantages & Disadvantages: Restricts erosion, prevents coastal flooding - costs a lot, maintenance high, reflects wave energy back into ocean.

  Beach nourishment: '

- Advantages & Disadvatnages: Restores and widens beaches, erosion occurs no hazards under neath - beach nourishment erodes faster then normal sand, expensive and repeated often.

Coastal dune preservation

- Advantages & Disadvantages:  Limits coastal development, construct fences to stop pedestrians and viechles. Development on dunes can affect environment, putting up fences can change an animals daily habit

4) Effective coastal management schemes often involve a combination of management techniques so that the beach can be enjoyed by all. Strategies are also implemented to ensure the coastal management schemes are carried out. Government funding is crucial to the effectiveness of coastal management.

5)

Constructing a sea wall will copy the former entrance to the river mouth.

Sand Dune prevention - fences to restrict residents trampling on dunes


Beach Nourishment and sea walls- by dumping natural large rocks into water a safe swimming area can be created.

Sea Wall

Science of Big Waves Questions

Pre-viewing:

1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started?

       Waves are a form of energy which are started right in the middle of the oceans were the wind is strong.

1. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing? 

         Big wave surfers should firstly understand and know the risk of the wave they are surfing. They should know how to handle themselves if they stack, when do launch themselves into a wave and when to pull out of a wave.

Question for the Video:

1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for you descriptions.

- Big waves only happen when conditions are right, waves begin at wave factory, gulf of alaska lights up novermebr, december, january. Low and High pressure close proximety and push against one another creating large waves. 3 things you need wind speed, fetch and duration. Waves at maverick can get as big as a four story building

1. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured?- Measured by Wave Height, period, wave length. Waves being built hundreds of miles away
2. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed?  Mavericks is a bunch of rocks on the floor, rocks direct the waves into one wave full of energy.
3. How is energy stored and transferred during wave? Wave energy is stored concentrated wind and is transfered when the wave hits a sand bank or reef which slows down the base of the wave but the top continues causing the wave to form with the full force of energy coming down.
4. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves.” To respect the wave and know what to do if you stack

7.2 Questions

1) Waves created by wind, wind forms ripples which turns into wavelets and finally waves

2) Fetch is the distance wind travels over the ocean to form a wave

3) Waves in open ocean have a gradual slope making them suitable for body surfing where as waves closer into the shore hit the shallow sand banks which slows down the base of the wave and forms tubes for surfers to tube through.

Question 4)

 Question 5)

6) Plunging waves break on moderately sloped waves, spilling waves break far from beach on a gentle slope making ideal for body surfing and surging waves - very steep beaches cause erosion

7) Wind Swell waves travel short distance before hitting land and ground swell is that waves travel longer distance before hitting waves.

7.1 Geographical Issues in the coastal environment

1) The settlement of the Australian population is mainly along the coastline which has impacts on the environment around it. Animals who breed in certain areas can no longer do so as urbanisation has occurred. Pollution of the water has meant some animals die.

2) Coastal Management strategies are important in the development of the coastline as it inputs restrictions to development along the coast. It may involve that you can't build anything with 50 meters of the sand or involve no development at all allowing the natural occurring cycles to continue unharmed.

3) 'Sea Change' refers to the transition of city people moving to the coast for a relaxed lifestyle

4) One government response to sea change has involved a population cap on how many people are allowed to build or develop in a coastal region.

5) Pollution has affected the coastal environment. By having storm waters drains which empty into the ocean they often carry with them rubbish and unnecessary minerals which pollute the water.

    Population Growth has affected the coastal environment by the population becoming more and more built near the coastline. This has resulted in some natural cycles being disturbed.

Introduced Plants affects the coastal environment as they can choke, hold or kill off native wildlife or choke native plants.

Tourism and Recreational Pressures have affected the coastal environment. By having interesting and fun actives near the coast it does provide a profit for the community however they impact the local enviroment. AN activity such as Four Wheel Driving creates pressure on the local community however if not managed

6) Geographers collect data which is essential  to creating management plans. Secondly, geographers understand the local environment and know what is supposed to be there and what is not to be there.

Banzai Pipeline

BANZAI PIPELINE

Pipeline is known to many as one of the most well known areas to surf big waves. All throughout the year competitions are held to see who can ride and survive this wave with the professionals tackling the rough surf during the winter period.


Pipeline has crowned champions and broken boards since the sixties. 

• Pipeline is rough and full of power for a number of reasons. Pipeline breaks over shallow water onto a lava reef which is full of holes that a board or body can be smashed into, it's extremely fast with a critical take off meaning that if your drop in is not perfect you can find yourself at the bottom of the wave with loads of energy about to come crashing down on you.

• The big waves which are normally associated with pipeline only occur during the Northern Hemisphere's winter, often tourists who visit Pipeline during the Northern Hemisphere summer are expecting to see 15-20 ft waves instead they see 1-2ft calm rolling waves. To really experience the wrath of Pipeline you need to visit during the colder months, October, November, December, January and February.

• On the rare perfect days when widely spaced west swells roll in and once groomed by light off-shore trade winds result in a surfer's paradise; a clean vertical drop into a wide open tube that over the reef and exhausts itself over Ehukai's soft sand.

• Three sections make up the infamous Pipeline reef system, all of which play a role in the many personalities associated with Pipeline. The 1st reef is the launching pad for surfing's most hair raising moments. The second and third reefs act more as indicators of major approaching swells for surfers trying to get in before the wave wave jacks on the first reef.

Banzai Pipeline has become famous due to large and terrifying waves which hit the North Shore of Ohau during the winter season. The Pipeline waves have created champions and defeated champions, when riding the big waves at Pipeline you are tempting death and if you succeed in surviving you have cheated death.

Extended Response Revision

Describe the factors causing change in relation to Australia's communities.

.

Gulargambone is one of the several rural communities in Australia that are faced with change. Gulargambone is a small rural town located near the Castlereagh River, halfway between Gilgandra and Coonamble in north western New South Wales. The population of Gulargambone is extremely low, in total the population of Gulargambone is only 1072! The small population of the town makes finding a job hard as  companies don't want to waste money on an area were they will only get 1000 people buying their product. The age variety in Gulargambone is mostly young children and adults aged 50+. The reason why there are less teenagers, young adults and adults in their 30's if that the teenagers want a sound education and move away to a larger town, young adults seek job opportunities and adults in their 30's want to start a family near a major town. 

There are a wide variety of factors which are affecting the rural community of Gulargambone. The main factors that are affecting change include, drought, mechanisation and technology in agriculture and loss of services. Firstly drought if affecting the community of Gulargambone. Drought is a regular occurrence in many rural communties, drought starves the local community and causes economic hardship for the community which in turn effects businesses, jobs and the local economy of the town. Secondly, the mechanisiation and technology in agriculture has affected the rural community of Gulargambone. The introduction of giant machines which can harvest 30 hectares of crop in one day reduce jobs. Jobs which once needed hard labour now only need one machine and one driver to do all the hard work, people lose their job and which in turn effects the economy of Gulargambone. Finally, the loss of services in the rural community of Gulargambone has affected the local community. The services which have been lost in Gulargambone include, petrol stations, mechanics, newsagent, butchery, cafes and banks. These vital services resulted in shops fronts being deserted and meant that the rural community now had to drive vast distances to reach basic supplies.

The rural community of Gulargambone has been affected in a wide variety of ways however the local community eventually decided enough is enough and took the productive action of responding to these changes. The community of Gulargambone transformed the rundown cinema into a community meeting area with a newsagent, cafe and shops, all run by volunteers. The post office which was threatened with closure is now the first publicly volunteer run post office in Australia. The changes described above had affected the local community but through hard work and determination the rural community of Gulargambone responded to these changes.

Page 117 Questions

1-12af

1) One federal department that helped with funding was the Department of Transport & Regional Services and one state department which helped with funding was the NSW department of State & Regional Development.

2) Two government programs that Gulargambone have used to receive funding are the Regional Partnerships Program and the Rural Transactions Centres Program

3) A rural transaction centre provides funds to help small communities establish their own RTC to provide access to services like banks and Medicare

4) The services which the GRTC offers are Giropost, Centrelink, Medicare, Internet and Reliance Credit Union along with the usual postal services.

5) Community groups have responded to change in Gulargambone positively. The Community has lobbied government and NGO's for funding and assistance. Without the proactive attitude of the community Gulargambone would not have the services that are available today.

6) Three examples of strategies the Gulargambone Flying Ahead group have adopted in response to changes are the two eight to eight project, construction and installation of the corrugated iron galah sculptures and the adoption of a town loge and the renovation of the old picture theatre.

7) The purpose of the two eight two eight project was to successfully renovate the picture theatre into a vibrant and multi - faced community centre.

8) Some examples of active citizenship include the renovation of the theatre, the running of the cafe and the running of the post office.

9) The role of the local government in the implentation of the Gulargambone Flying Ahead Program was to firstly lobby for the funds needed and to oversee the project making sure every procedure was followed. Secondly, the projects which have been finished could not have gone ahead without the support and backing of the local council.

10) The changes made to the old picture theatre include repainting the building to create a vibrant and appealing character and to turn the inside from run down into an operating cafe.

11) The important of active citizenship is essential to the survival of Gulargambone. Gulargambone would not have been able to survive or continue to survive without the volunteers from the community who give up their time to run the cafe and the post office so that others may enjoy these services. Active citizenship is essential for the survival of small town communities like Gulargambone.

12a) The news article is about the transformation which has taken place in Gulargambone.
    b) The causes of decline in Gulargambone are that shops were closing, drought effected produce and a downturn in the rural economy.
    c)
    d) The hint that the post office would close enraged the community resulting in the post office becoming the first ever post office in Australia being community owned and run.
    e) The post office is so important as it is a place of communication and a meeting point. It allows the residents to send and receive mail, to buy goods and to talk to the local residents.
    f) The projects which the community has completed include the restoration of the main street, the renovation of the picture theatre and to improve the feel of the town.

Chapter 4: Gulargambone facing change

1) Rural decline is when there is a loss of population, employment & opportunities in a rural area

2) Gulargambone is a small rural town located on the Castlereagh River, halfway between Gilgandra and Coonamble

3)  atmosphere - it is a dry climate low rainfall
     hydrosphere - the amount of water which is low
     lithosphere - low terrain, flat with some small mounds

4) Soldier Settler Blocks were blocks of land set aside for returned soldiers from WW2, soldiers were young and brought along families

5) Agriculture and Forestry

6) 1072 and 625 in the surrounding area

7) Community Development Employment Program

8bi) North West
   ii) North North East
  iii) West

9a)i
    ii)
 b)i 6253
  ii 6353
  iii 6152
 c)i
  ii)
 d)i  Qutie low, ruins of buildings
     ii  There is an increase in homesteads, ruins and buildings

10) 4.5 has the largest scale as firstly, 4.6 and 4.30 do not have a scale and that 1cm = 250,000 cm

Page 113 Questions

1) Drought causes economic hardship for the agricultural population which has an effect on businesses ,jobs and the local economy

2) Neighboring grazers bought out the soldiers land. This resulted in farm areas increasing but the number of farms decreasing.

3) The soldier settlers selling their farms, collapse of the wool industry and rising costs in agriculture.

4) Mechanisation has increased the rate of unemployment as machines can now harvest up to 150 hectares a day where as older style versions could only harvest 30 hectares a day. The advancement in technology had resulted in job losses occurring.

5) Lifestyle factors such as the improvement in roads and transport have contributed to a decline in small country towns as the new roads bypass the small towns. Roads and transport enable people to access the larger towns which have lower prices.

6) Three pieces of evidence which show rural decline in Gulargambone are the loss of services - petrol stations, cafes, banks etc, population decline and ageing and lifestyle expectations.

8) The population trend over the past 50 years has fallen dramatically. Since the 1960's only 400-500 people have lived in Gulargambone.

9) The population pyramid shows exactaly who lives in Gulargambone. Younger children stay in Gulargambone as they live with their families however as school is finishing they look to getting a degree and leave Gulargambone to seek work. The age group of 20-30 is low as people have completed their degree and are working and live near towns, they start a family and live near a town. After their children have left home and the elderly are looking to retire they remember their quiet rural town of Gulargambone and they return home to see out their days.

10a) The trend in enrollments has dropped rapidly since the 1960's, parents want their children to get a sound education and move towards larger towns with better education programs.
b)

11) One social factor to explain why the enrollments are low is that parents want to start their family near a major town with a firm education system. One economic impact to display the low enrollments is that the economy of Gulargambone is quite low, not many jobs besides agriculture, so children often work on the farms to help provide a living for their family. One environmental factor is drought

Mapping Skills 2006

Source A-C
What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030?

The predicted growth rate in 2030  is around 0.6%

What is the predicted population change in 2030?

The predicted population change in 2030 is 60 million

What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050?

Asia

Source D

How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000?

1.5 million

How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000?

4 million

Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries?

Italy has a higher standard of living compared to Ethiopia. In Italy there are many people who have access to high levels of health care, excellent food and clean water.

Source E
What is located at GR831979? Dunbogan Beach

What is the highest point at AR7997? Camden Haven

What is the contour interval for the map? 10 meters
What physical feature is located at GR820975? Wet Swamp
Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet? 1.25 km
Give the GR for the North Haven Public School. GR 831003
What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR.                                              Laurieton at 79 meters at GR 848987

Go Back to Where You Came From

1) My initial reaction to the show is how some of my fellow countrymen/women do not except other cultures. It is wrong, we are all the same, the only difference is our beliefs and language.

2) 1.5% of immigrants are refugees

3) The reason why refugees who arrive illegally in Australia are a topical issue is that many people are afraid of the refugees, the refugees will work at a lower price then a normal Australian, they fear they will lose their job. The reason why it is such a political topic is that politicians are trying to decide were to process and detain illegal refugees not on Australian soil, recently the Gillard government's plan to use Malaysia as a processing area failed as the High Court of Australia ruled that Malaysia was not suitable for processing. Since that ruling, there has been a lot of attention thrown at the politicians and members of the High Court of Australia.

4) Australia ranks 18th in the world in accepting refugees, it was quite low compared to the USA and France.

5) I feel every person in the world has the obligation to help refugees who have fled war torn, corrupt countries. We are all equal, only through wealth we are different.

6) In Australia there is no extra support given to refugees. Refugees receive the same centrelink payments the less fortunate Australians receive.

7) 11 Asian nations have signed the UN  Refugee Convention

8) For refugees in Malaysia they do not have the rights of Refugees under the UN Convention. In Malaysia refugees are not allowed to work, they have to find a way of earning money and all ways are illegal.

Year 9: Australia's Population

1) What is demography?


Demography is a statistical study of the human population


2) In what year did the Australian population reach 20 million? How quickly is the population growing?


Australia's population hit 20 million roughly on the 4th December 2003 and our population growth rate is 2.0%


3) How many Aboriginal people are estimated to have lived in Australia before Europeans arrived?


It is estimated that between 350,000 - 750,000 Aboriginals lived in Australia before the arrival of Europeans


4) What the two main ways the population can grow? What percentage of the population growth in 2010 can be attributed to each way?


Immigration & Fertility rate is how a population can grown. In 2010 47% of child birth 53% immigartion


5) What is the total fertility rate for 2010? 


The fertility rate in Australia was 1.9% per woman


6) What was the total fertility rate for Australia in 1935? How does this compare to other years? Why do you think that it compares this way?


The total fertility rate for Australia in 1935 was just above 2.0%. Compared to previous years, the 1935 fertility rate was quite low, however in the late 40's & 50's a population boom struck Australia. The reason why the fertility rate was lower when compared to other years was that the great depression was occurring around 1935.


7) What is the trend in the fertility rate for Australia since 1950? 


Since 1950 the fertility rate gradually climbed up however around 1965 the fertility rate started to drop steadily falling to just below 2.0%


8) What is the average size of a family in Australia? How does that compare to the US?


The average size of a family in Australia is 2.8% whereas in the United States it is  at 2.59%

Are we a racist nation

 Are we a racist nation?

1)    1)   Graeme Innes who is the Race Discrimination Commissioner

2)   2)   Graeme works for a section of government and is designated to Racial Discrimination

3)     3)  Graeme says that the start of a racial talk starts with one saying “I’m not a racist, but….”.  Yes I have heard someone say they are not a racist but they then continue on in a prejudice manner.

'

4)      4) 50%

5)      5) Single cultured society opposite of what Australia is, we are a multi-cultural society

6)      6) A benefit from online technology is a form of globalisation

7)      7) Some unwelcome results of online social media is that bullying becomes easier to do and there are ‘keyboard warriors’ whom say what they like online but can’t say it to someone’s face. Graeme says that racial comments have become twice as common now that we have forms of social media e.g. Facebook

8)     8)  The dangerous aspect of racism online is that people say whatever they like because they are not face to face with the individual and that there identity is not revealed.

9)     9)  The one thing which will help stop racism online is that if people come together and behave in a well-mannered way and that there is to be monitoring of social networking sites with severe implications if racial comments are made.

10  10)  Graeme Innes says that we need to act together, without delay, to eradicate racism and racial inequality in all of its forms to find a solution.

Communities

What is a primary source when doing research? What is a secondary source? Which one is better? When do you use these types of sources?

A primary source is a source or account taken at the time of the event whereas a secondary source is a source or account which is taken after the actual event has occurred. In my opinion I feel primary sources benefit more as they are from the time and you know they are reliable.

What is a primary source for finding population data for Australia? Why?

A primary source for finding population data for Australia would be looking at a government website or database. You would use a government website as they are reliable and would have the most reliable & up to date information. Governments as well conduct census to effectively find the population.

What is the population of Australia?

The current population of Australia is 22,638,336

What is the 'growth rate' of Australia for 2010?

The current growth rate of Australia for 2010 and a growth rate of 1.6%

• one birth every 1 minute and 45 seconds,
• one death every 3 minutes and 43 seconds ,
• a net gain of one international migration every 3 minutes and 11 seconds , leading to
• an overall total population increase of one person every 1 minute and 37 seconds .

How many 'new' Australians were there in 2010?

In 2010 there were 345,000 new Australians

How many of the 'new' Australians were born in Australia and how many are immigrants?

185,800 new Australians were immigrants & 1592000

Which state had the greatest growth in population for 2010?

Western Australia had the greatest growth of 2.1%

What changes have you noticed in your area that could be related to growth in population?

The changes I have noticed in my area which can be related to growth in population is that there seem to  apartments being built & more congested traffic along main roads.

Is it good that Australia's population continues to grow?

There a arguments for both sides to the growth of population, with the rising growth in population prices of housing will increase, as most of our population is situated along the coastlines of Australia we are heavily populated with not much room left, we would have to improve transport & encourage more people to move further out into the country to effectively work with a growing population

When, in history, has Australia NEEDED the population to grow? Why? Where did these people come from?

Australia has needed a strong population growth back James Cook discovered Australia. They needed to populate Australia so they were able to claim the land as part of the British Empire. The British Empire decided to send thousands & thousands of convicts or people who have decided to move to Australia. They came from all parts of the British Empire however they were mainly Irish or English descendants.

Group Member Peer Evaluation

Lachlan Stott

4/5

Work was completed on time - worked hard at start but fell off a bit

Communication was good

Quality of Work - World Map is really amazing lots of info

2.1 Questions

1) Natural Hazards can be separated into two main categories:

- those related to weather and climatic factors - drought, flood, heat waves, brushfires. strong winds, storms, tropical cyclones and tornadoes.

- those related to movements in the Earth's crust - landslides, earth tremors, earthquakes and tsunamis.

2) A natural hazard effects the area and environment were as a natural disaster effects the people living in and around the area.

3) The two broad categories of natural hazard exist in Australia are Social impacts and Economic impacts.

4) Social impacts

-  floods, cyclones, heat waves and brushfires

Economic Impacts

-  Floods, cyclones

5) Natural hazards that occur in densely populated areas are more noticeable then hazards that occur elsewhere in Australia because the hazards which occur in densely populated areas effect more people. If an earthquake occurs in a populated area like a city people will be effected. If it happens out in the middle of no where there will be hardly any people effected or not at all be detected.

6) Two impacts drought has on rural farmers is that there is a shortage of water and loss of livestock due to the loss of crops and vegetation.

7) Three categories geographers use to classify the impacts of natural hazards are Social impacts, Economic impacts and Environmental Impacts. An example of a social impact is loss of life, an economic impact is loss of income and an environmental impact is the death or injury to wildlife.

8) Australian communities need to study the impacts of natural hazards so that they can prepare for future hazards and prepare escape plans.  By doing they are increasing their chances of survival and the survival of their homes and livestock.

9) GIS is used to map the threat of natural hazards in Australia. They are able to do GIS mapping by using the 2573 postcodes across Australia and gather data on how often a natural hazard occurs in your local area. GIS is a valuable asset as it provides information to various organisations and communities as they plan to deal with the impacts of natural hazards

2.2 Questions

1) Landslides involve the movement of a mass of rock or sections of the Earth's crust under the force of gravity.

2) Main causes of landslides are natural hazards - heavy rainfall, vibrations from the earthquake or undercutting of banks and cliffs from waves or rivers.

3) Human actions also causes landslides, the building of roads & railways on hillsides make them more vulnerable during heavy rainfall, stripping of vegetation and building man-made hills.

4) Earthquakes are the way earth releases stress. The force of earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale

5) Cause of earthquakes in Australia is intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks or faults in the Earth's crust.

7) The Newcastle earthquake killed 13 people, injuring more than 120 and 40000 buildings damaged.

8) A landslide occurs by weather - rain, erosion where as an earthquake is large on scale, and a landslide often only travels for a few miles.

9) A tsunami is when an earthquake which occurs under the sea and creates a powerful wave.

10) Three events that will cause a tsunami are earthquake, landslides or volcanos

11) A tsunami is formed when the earth shakes lifting million's of tonnes of water, move in big flat waves across the ocean however in the deep sea under the surface is a big wall of water that can reach 800 kph. Tsunamis became hazardous as they reach shallow water, the tsunami slows down and the wall of water starts building which can reach a height of 30 feet or more.

12) Three warning  sings of a tsunami is the sudden re-treat of water, feeling of an earthquake and a large roar of water.

13) The Indian Ocean Tsunami was caused by under ground earthquake measuring 9.3

14) Australia has 23 automated earthquake monitoring stations. It took only 20 minutes for the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake to be detected.

15) As a tsunami enters shallow water they slow down to about 40 kmph, as there is speed behind the the water it starts building up reaching 30 feet in height.

16) The UN responded to the 2004 tsunami by coordinating the development of a tsunami warning system for the Indian Ocean

17) Ted Bryant, a Wollongong University geoscience professor studies natural hazards and warns that tsunamis trigged by New Zealand's alpine fault line could strike NSW as often as once every 500 years.

18) i: The approx lat and long of the epi-centre of the 04 tsunami is 15 degrees north & 91 degrees east.

b)i: 2 hours

ii: 9 hours

iii: 5 hours

iv: 10

19) Thredbo Avalanche!

Thredbo was knocked by a devastating earthquake during the peak skiing season however there were luckily no deaths only a few injuries which is a relief for the qualified staff who have never seen an avalanche at Thredbo before.

The landslide has forced the closure of the whole mountain and were not sure how long it will take for the runs to be cleared and open, most luckily they will be closed for a while in case another avalanche occurs.

Many trees were battered down by the fierce force of the avalanche. Ski lifts are also broken, huts destroyed and hospitality areas will need a clean out.

The avalanche will have a big impact on the local community on Thredbo. As it is the peak skiing season the locals are actually going to making and losing money. If people decide to stay a shop owner or a restaurant owner will be bringing in quite a sum however for shop owners who depend on the strong skiing season they will be hurt the most.

The Thredbo avalanche will go down in the books for being the biggest landslide in Australia.

Tim Wells reporting for the NY Times

2.5, 2.6, 2.7 Questions

2.5 Questions

1)      Tropical cyclones are violent storms that cause widespread destruction

2)      Tropical cyclones occur in Australia but are also known as typhoons in Asian countries

3)      North of Pert, coast of Northern Territory and Queensland coastline

4)      Six are likely to cross the Australian coastline

5)      Other names for cyclones include typhoons and hurricanes

6)      Tropical cyclones develop in the tropical regions of the world. Heat from the sun causes warm, moist air to rise into the atmosphere. As the air rises, a low pressure system forms and condensation occurs, which releases latent heat causing the air to rise further into the atmosphere. If the air pressure in the upper atmosphere is high, then the rising column of warm air will spiral outwards in the upper atmosphere and air will rush from the surface to replace it, forming a tropical cyclone.

7)      The eye of the storm is calm, clear sky

8)      A tropical cyclone is downgraded when it reaches or travels over land

2.6 Questions

1) Cyclone Tracy hit Darwin Christmas morning 1974

2) Set up medical and evacuation centres

3) National Disaster Organisation is a federal body which coordinate the emergency response.

4) It was a large and powerful cyclone heading straight for Darwin, if no evacuation was ordered many more lives would have been lost

5) 80% of population was evacuated

6) Cyclone Tracy has better enabled communities to prepare for hazards as now all buildings have to follow a strict building code in hazard areas and plans are set in case an emergency evacuation is needed.

7) Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf of Mexico on 29^th August 2005. Katrina had two major impacts was that 80% of New Orleans was flooded and leaving 100,000 people without food and water

8) The low lying geographical feature of New Orleans compounded the effects of Hurrican Katrina

9) The criticisms of the response to Hurricane Katrina were very slow, it took days for the FEMA to set up evacuation plans and sent in food and water

10) The NDO responded quite well to cyclone tracy, there was an immediate evacuation of the area and they restored basic services to Darwin, on the other hand the FEMA responded quite poorly to Hurricane Katrina

2.7 Questions

1)      20^th March 2006 eye of cyclone crossed the coast near Innisfail.

2)      The communities closest to the eye experienced fierce flooding as well as destructive power

3)      Public infrastructure are trains, road and air transport, due to the destruction of the

Infrastructure it was hard to transport good into the affected areas

4)      350 million dollars

5)      There was an estimated 300 million dollars’ worth of crop lost in it the affected areas, 4000 jobs were gone.

6)      Emergency Management Australia and the SES prepare brochures to help people prepare for natural disasters.

7)      ADF, government departments and charity and local community groups

8)      The above groups assisted with personnel and financial assistance to local residents, business owners and farmers

9)      Major General Peter Cosgrove to lead the overall response to Cyclone Larry

10)   Flooding was also caused when Cyclone Larry went in land

11)   The supply of bananas to capital cities would of fallen and the price of bananas would of wet up dramatically

2.8 Questions

1a)
 i 1014
ii 1010
iii 1018
iv 1022

b) Adelaide

c) Clear skies and slight chance of rain over the 24 hr period

d) i High pressure system interacting with a lower pressure system causes cloud cover

ii A ridge extends between to high pressure systems

iii A low pressure system bringing a cold front

e ) Hobart would as it it has gone from a low pressure system to a high pressure system

Deadly Storms US

There have been deadly tornadoes ripping through the southern parts of America causing mass destruction and many people being caught up in it and some who have tragically died:

• More then 280 people are dead
• Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, Alabama, Georgia and Virginia. Tornadoes appeared all across these states
• North Carolina was hit with 62 tornadoes! 
• Hailstones sizes of grapefruit were reported
• Roughly 200,000 + homes without power
• Flash Floods hit the region as well
• Storm scientists say that tornado had a maximum width of 1.5 miles (2.4km) and a track 80 miles long
• Damage bill estimated at 100 million +

Review and Analyzing Natural Hazards

Floods:

Environmental Effects:

Although many people think of floods as all negative but there are a few positive impacts floods have on the environment.

A positive is that the water from the floods can spread silt and sediment that contains rich minerals and nutrients which have been washed down. This improves the fertility of the land.

But there are mostly negative impacts like:

• Loss of habitat for both plant and animal life, which causes a reducation of biodiversity in the area, and may cause some species to become endangered.
• Severe erosion and destabilisation of the soil and hillsides.
• As rivers flood, they carry huge amounts of rubbish, debris and other forms of pollution down to the river mouth, where they empty out into the sea. This can be devastating for the marine life there.

Economic Effects:

There are many reasons as to why floods cause economic effects in a nation, however there 5 major ones are these are:

• Can destroy large amounts of crop i.e a banana crop making banana prices soar
• Temporary decline in Tourism - hotels, attractions could be destroyed 
• Rebuilding costs - rebuilding major infrastructure i.e trains, railways, docks, homes and business
• Federal & State budgets - emergency payments for flood victims and money devote to the regrowth of the town or city
• GDP growth falling - if a nation like Australia depends on mining, if for a month or two mining ceased in one of the major areas it would effect our economy greatly. 

Social Effects:

Loss of lives and property: Immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human life, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of livestock, non-functioning of infrastructure facilities and deterioration of health condition owing to waterborne diseases..

 Loss of livelihoods: People loose communication links and infrastructure. Some of these things are as power plants, roads and bridges are damaged and disrupted. Life changes for the normal person, everything is gone.

Decreased purchasing and production power: Damage to infrastructure. This also causes long-term impacts, such as disruptions to clean water and electricity, transport, communication.

Mass migration: Frequent flooding, resulting in loss of livelihoods, production and other prolonged economic impacts and types of suffering can trigger mass migration or population displacement.

Psychosocial effects: The huge psychological effects on flood victims and their families can traumatize them for long periods of time. The loss of loved ones can generate deep impacts, especially on children.

Ways local councils, state governments, emergency services and insurance companies find GIS mapping useful

Local Councils

Local Councils benefit from GIS mapping of natural hazard areas as it allows them to plan and warn residents of the area what to do when a natural hazard occurs. There are 5 main reasons why Local Councils benefit from GIS mapping these are:

• Allow the council to set aside water supply's devoted to natural hazards- in case of bush fires or lack of water there is an emergency supply
• Councils can order large amounts of trees to be cleared to reduce the risk of a serious bush fire from occurring
• Councils can inform a builder or architect of an area which is at risk from natural hazards

State Governments

 the information in 2.3 would help state governments in making tactical decision about to deal with situation in their state. An example of this would be, the NSW government would be able to pick areas of the state which would be effect. In this case Bush fires are the most prominat near area of Southern NSW. They can also make tactical decision. Where to put fire bans and also danger signs so people in the area could be better prepare if a major disaster broke out. They can also protect local wild life from fires and give people warning when Natural Hazards are coming

Emergency Services

There are many reasons as to why emergency services would benefit from GIS mapping of natural hazard areas. This mapping would enable the emergency services to pre-pare and plan for natural hazaerds so loss of life is minimal. There are 5 main ways which emergency services use GIS mapping to help them, they are:

• Easily calculate emergency response times 
• Be able to assess hot spots where emergency vehicles and teams must be on standby 
• Warn people of danger due to a  natural hazard area
• Map out dangerous areas were unexpected dangers lurk - flash flooding, earthquakes, bush fires etc
• Be able to set up a emergency rescue team ready to move out home owners and people who are in danger from the natural hazards.

Insurance Companies


There are many reasons as to why insurance companies would benefit from GIS mapping of natural hazard areas. This mapping would enable insurnace companies to:

•  prepare and set up plans for people living in most effected areas 
• can help a lot of people for certain hazards. 
• They could also warn consumers about the certain natural hazards that could effect there area.
• Set out areas were insurance isn't available due to the high risk of a flood occurring

Australia's Endemic Fauna

The Waratah is an endemic plant to Australia. Found in New South Wales this plant has four different types of a waratah with one eventually  growing into a tree. The Waratah is hundreds of individual flowers compacted together to form a flower bud.

The waratah is found in a climate Cold to semi-tropical, It is also frost resistant.


 It is the floral emblem of NSW and the NSW Waratah Super Rugby team. 

1.6 Questions

 1. Weather is the what the temperature is like at that present time whereas climate is the pattern of weather that is expected in a particular place.


2. The lower the latitude more of the suns rays reach the specific area i.e country, that's why the equator which  is 0 degrees Celsius receives the most rays from the sun.

3. In summer the wind flows from the east to west and in the winter its flows from west to east. 

4. The currents from north bring down warmer water whereas the currents from the south which are closer to the south pole bring cooler water

5.With the influence of relief the temperature of a climate decreases with height. Moist air that is forced to rise by mountains cools, and the water vapor condenses producing increased cloud cover and precipitation. 

1.11 Questions

1: Three non-renewable energy sources are coal reserves, oil and natural gas
2: Three renewable energy sources are solar power, wind power and hydro power
3: Australia is looking to develop clean energy sources to reduce its Greenhouse gases they admit. Also oil and coal is going to run out soon so its better to start investing in renewable energy soon.
4: China, Us, India, Australia
5: Australia's coal reserves are about 76 billion tonnes
6: Australia is rich in natural gas reserves which is a valuable export earning over $4 billion annually.
7: The solar power plant to be built near Mildura will use technology used to power satellites and use solar cells that produce 1500 times more energy than a typical rooftop solar panel.
8: Electricity can be generated by the wind due to that when the wind's propellers move they power a huge turbine which produces electricity.
13: The pattern of gas fields in Australia is wide spread, there are some in the middle of Australia, some in Victoria others out west in WA and some in the NT. The Gas pipelines connect to each other on the east coast however the west coast is separated with no pipeline connecting them to the east side of Australia.
14: i value of coal was 16.5 billion
     ii the value of gold was 5.3 billion
     iii the value of wool was 2.6 billion

b i the value of coal was 25 billion

      ii: the value of gold was 7 billion

     iii: the value of woll was 2.5 billion

c: Coal had the greatest increase in export value.

1.10 Questions

1: Resources are any materials that can be used by humans.
2:  Renewable resources are living animals or plants which can be re-produced within a human lifetime.
Non Renewable resources take thousands or millions of years to form and therefore can't be reproduced during a human's lifetime
3: Renewable resources can become non renewable through over use or over exploitation.
4: Soil is a valuable resource as it is the building  block for growing agricultural products and is a basis for Australia's successful agricultural industries.
5: Silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values of the many landowners, societies and cultures.
6: 164.4 million hectares
7: Australia's fishing and aquaculture industries are worth $2 billion annually making it a big income for the economy. 
8: The Australian Fisheries Management Authority set a limit of 5265 tonnes for the south blue fin tuna catch. This can be put towards other species of fish to help reduce over fishing of one species.
9: Australia has the largest reserves of iron ore, lead, zinc, silver, uranium, industrial diamonds and mineral sands.
10: Australia's mineral reserves are increasing due to improved prospecting and extraction technologies